Palestinian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 9, Semester 2 — Page 18

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

نَتَأَمَّلُ: البَلاغَةُ وَالتَّقْسِيمُ.

Let us reflect: Rhetoric and Division.

١- قَالَ تَعَالَى: ﴿هُوَ الَّذِي يُرِيكُمُ الْبَرْقَ خَوْفًا وَطَمَعًا وَيُنشِئُ السَّحَابَ الثِّقَالَ﴾.

1- The Almighty says: "It is He who shows you the lightning, causing both fear and hope, and generates the heavy clouds."

٢- قَالَ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلاةُ وَالسَّلامُ: «مَنْ رَأَى مِنْكُمْ مُنْكَراً فَلْيُغَيِّرْهُ بِيَدِهِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَبِلِسَانِهِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَبِقَلْبِهِ، وَذَلِكَ أَضْعَفُ الإِيمَانِ».

2- The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "Whoever among you sees an evil, let him change it with his hand; if he cannot, then with his tongue; if he cannot, then with his heart—and that is the weakest of faith."

٣- قَالَ الشَّاعِرُ نُصَيْبٌ: فَقَالَ فَرِيقُ القَوْمِ: لا، وَفَرِيقُهُمْ نَعَمْ، وَفَرِيقٌ قَالَ: وَيْحَكَ مَا نَدْرِي.

3- The poet Nusayb said: One group of the people said no, another said yes, and a third said: Woe to you, we do not know.

قَسَّمَتِ الآيَةُ الأُولَى حَالَ النَّاسِ عِنْدَ رُؤْيَتِهِمْ لِلْبَرْقِ بَيْنَ خَائِفٍ وَطَامِعٍ، فَهُمَا قِسْمَانِ لا ثَالِثَ لَهُمَا، أَيْ لا مَجَال أَمَامَنَا لإِضَافَةِ قِسْمٍ آخَرَ.

The first verse divides the state of people upon seeing lightning into those who are fearful and those who are hopeful; these are two categories with no third, meaning there is no room to add another.

وَقَدْ وَرَدَ التَّقْسِيمُ فِي حَدِيثِ الرَّسُولِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، فَقَسَّمَ حَالاتِ تَغْيِيرِ المُنْكَرِ وَفْقَ دَرَجَةِ إِيمَانِ المُسْلِمِ، إِلَى ثَلاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ لا رَابِعَ لَهَا، أَيْ لا مَجَال لِإِزَالَةِ المُنْكَرِ إِلَّا بِهَذِهِ الأَسَالِيبِ الثَّلاثَةِ: إِمَّا بِالقُوَّةِ الَّتِي كَنَّى عَنْهَا بِاليَدِ، وَإِمَّا بِالنَّصِيحَةِ وَالقَوْلِ الطَّيِّبِ، وَكَنَّى عَنْهُمَا بِاللِّسَانِ، وَإِمَّا بِالنِّيَّةِ وَالدُّعَاءِ، وَكَنَّى عَنْهُمَا بِالقَلْبِ.

Division also appears in the Hadith of the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, where he categorizes the ways to address evil according to the strength of a Muslim's faith into three types with no fourth. This means there is no way to address evil except through these three methods: either by force, which he signified by the hand; by advice and kind words, which he signified by the tongue; or by intention and supplication, which he signified by the heart.

وَفِي المِثَالِ الثَّالِثِ لَيْسَ فِي أَقْسَامِ الإِجَابَةِ عَنْ مَطْلُوبٍ مَا، إِذَا سُئِلَ عَنْهُ غَيْرُ هَذِهِ الأَقْسَامِ، إِمَّا الإِجَابَةُ بِالرَّفْضِ، وَعَبَّرَ عَنْهَا نُصَيْبٌ بِـ (لا)، وَإِمَّا بِالمُوَافَقَةِ، وَعَبَّرَ عَنْهَا بِـ (نَعَمْ)، وَإِمَّا بِالامْتِنَاعِ عَنِ الإِجَابَةِ، وَعَبَّرَ عَنْهَا بِـ (مَا نَدْرِي).

In the third example, there are no other ways to respond to a question than these categories: answering with rejection, which Nusayb expressed as "no"; with agreement, which he expressed as "yes"; or by refraining from an answer, which he expressed as "we do not know."

فَالتَّقْسِيمُ يُعَدُّ مِنْ أَلْوَانِ المَعَانِي البَدِيعِيَّةِ الَّتِي تَسْتَوْفِي أَقْسَامَ المَعْنَى أَوِ الشَّيْءِ جَمِيعَهَا، دُونَ أَنْ تُخِلَّ بِشَيْءٍ مِنْهَا أَوْ تُكَرِّرَهَا.

Division is a rhetorical device that covers all aspects of a subject or meaning without omission or repetition.

وَهُوَ أَنْوَاعٌ نُمَيِّزُهَا مِنْ خِلالِ عَدَدِ الأَقْسَامِ أَوِ الأَجْزَاءِ الَّتِي يَتَكَوَّنُ مِنْهَا الشَّيْءُ، أَوْ يَسْتَوْفِيهَا المَعْنَى المُرَادُ.

There are various types of division, which we distinguish by the number of parts that make up a thing or that the intended meaning encompasses.

فَإِذَا ذُكِرَ قِسْمَانِ، نَقُولُ: إِنَّ نَوْعَ التَّقْسِيمِ اثْنَانِ لا ثَالِثَ لَهُمَا، وَإِذَا ذُكِرَ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، نَقُولُ: إِنَّهُ ثَلاثَةٌ لا رَابِعَ لَهَا أَوْ أَرْبَعَةٌ لا خَامِسَ لَهَا، وَهَكَذَا.

If two parts are mentioned, we say the division is binary with no third; if more are mentioned, we say it is three with no fourth, or four with no fifth, and so on.

Vocabulary · المفردات (20 verbs · 66 nouns)

• تَأَمَّلَ — to contemplate
• قَالَ — to say
• أَرَى — to show
• أَنْشَأَ — to create
• رَأَى — to see
• غَيَّرَ — to change
• اسْتَطَاعَ — to manage to
• قَسَّمَ — to divide
• دَرَى — to know
• وَرَدَ — to arrive
• كَنَّى — to imply
• سَأَلَ — to ask
• عَبَّرَ — to express
• عَدَّ — to count
• اسْتَوْفَى — to fulfill
• أَخَلَّ — to violate
• كَرَّرَ — to repeat
• مَيَّزَ — to distinguish
• تَكَوَّنَ — to consist
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• بَلاغَة — rhetoric
• تَقْسِيم — division
• بَرْق — lightning
• خَوْف — fear
• طَمَع — greed
• سَحَاب — clouds
• ثَقِيل — heavy
• صَلاة — prayer
• سَلام — peace
• مُنْكَر — evil
• يَد — hand
• لِسَان — tongue
• قَلْب — heart
• إِيمَان — faith
• شَاعِر — poet
• فَرِيق — group
• قَوْم — people
• آيَة — verse
• حَال — state
• نَاس — people
• رُؤْيَة — seeing
• خَائِف — fearful
• طَامِع — greedy
• قِسْم — part
• ثَالِث — third
• مَجَال — scope
• إِضَافَة — addition
• آخَر — other
• حَدِيث — hadith
• رَسُول — messenger
• حَالَة — condition
• تَغْيِير — changing
• وَفْق — according to
• دَرَجَة — degree
• مُسْلِم — muslim
• رَابِع — fourth
• إِزَالَة — removal
• أُسْلُوب — method
• قُوَّة — power
• نَصِيحَة — advice
• قَوْل — speech
• طَيِّب — good
• نِيَّة — intention
• دُعَاء — supplication
• مِثَال — example
• إِجَابَة — answer
• مَطْلُوب — request
• رَفْض — refusal
• مُوَافَقَة — agreement
• امْتِنَاع — abstention
• لَوْن — color
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• بَدِيعِيّ — rhetorical
• شَيْء — thing
• جَمِيع — all
• نَوْع — types
• خِلال — through
• عَدَد — number
• جُزْء — part
• مُرَاد — intended
• اثْنَان — two
• أَكْثَر — more
• ثَلاثَة — three
• أَرْبَعَة — four
• خَامِس — fifth
• أُولَى — first (feminine)