Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 38

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

التَّشْبِيهُ: أَنَّ كُلَّ مَا يَصِحُّ فِيهِ التَّشْبِيهُ بِالْوَجْهِ الْحِسِّيِّ يَصِحُّ بِالْوَجْهِ الْعَقْلِيِّ مِنْ غَيْرِ عَكْسٍ، فَإِنْ قِيلَ: هُوَ أَيْ وَجْهُ التَّشْبِيهِ مُشْتَرَكٌ فِيهِ ضَرُورَةَ اشْتِرَاكِ الطَّرَفَيْنِ فِيهِ، فَهُوَ كُلِّيٌّ ضَرُورَةَ أَنَّ مَحْكُومٌ عَلَيْهِ بِالِاشْتِرَاكِ فِيهِ الْجُزْئِيُّ يَمْتَنِعُ وُقُوعُ الشَّرِكَةِ فِيهِ وَالْحِسِّيُّ لَيْسَ بِكُلِّيٍّ قَطْعًا ضَرُورَةَ أَنَّ كُلَّ حِسِّيٍّ فَهُوَ مَوْجُودٌ فِي الْمَادَّةِ حَاضِرٌ عِنْدَ الْمُدْرِكِ، وَمِثْلُ هَذَا لَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا جُزْئِيًّا ضَرُورَةً، فَوَجْهُ التَّشْبِيهِ لَا يَكُونُ حِسِّيًّا قَطْعِيًّا قُلْنَا الْمُرَادُ بِكَوْنِ وَجْهِ التَّشْبِيهِ حِسِّيًّا أَنَّ أَفْرَادَهُ أَيْ جُزْئِيَّاتِهِ عَلَى وَجْهِ التَّسَامُحِ مُدْرَكَةٌ بِالْحِسِّ، كَالْحُمْرَةِ الَّتِي تُدْرَكُ بِالْبَصَرِ جُزْئِيَّاتُهَا الْحَاصِلَةُ فِي الْمَوَادِّ، فَالْحَاصِلُ أَنَّ وَجْهَ التَّشْبِيهِ إِمَّا وَاحِدٌ أَوْ مُرَكَّبٌ أَوْ مُتَعَدِّدٌ فَكُلٌّ مِنَ الْأَوَّلَيْنِ إِمَّا حِسِّيٌّ أَوْ عَقْلِيٌّ، فَتَصِيرُ أَرْبَعَةً وَالْأَخِيرُ إِمَّا حِسِّيٌّ أَوْ عَقْلِيٌّ أَوْ مُخْتَلِفٌ، فَيَصِيرُ سَبْعَةً وَالثَّلَاثَةُ الْعَقْلِيَّةُ طَرَفَاهُ إِمَّا حِسِّيَانِ مِن غَيْرِ عَكْسٍ أَيْ بِالْمَعْنَى اللُّغَوِيِّ، وَأَمَّا الْعَكْسُ الْمَنْطِقِيُّ فَصَحِيحٌ.

Simile: Everything for which a simile is valid through a sensory aspect is also valid through a rational aspect, but not vice versa. If it is said: 'The aspect of the simile is something shared, by necessity of the two sides sharing it, so it is a universal, by necessity that what is judged to be shared by a particular is impossible for participation to occur in it, and the sensory is definitely not a universal, by necessity that every sensory thing exists in matter and is present to the perceiver, and such a thing can only be a particular by necessity; therefore, the aspect of the simile cannot be sensory at all.' We say: 'What is meant by the aspect of the simile being sensory is that its individuals—that is, its particulars—are, by way of loose usage, perceived by the senses, like the redness perceived by sight in its particulars that exist in materials.' The conclusion is that the aspect of the simile is either single, compound, or multiple. Each of the first two is either sensory or rational, making four; and the last is either sensory, rational, or mixed, making seven. The three rational ones have two sides that are either both sensory, without the reverse—that is, in the linguistic sense—whereas the logical reverse is valid.

فَإِنْ قِيلَ: هَذَا وَارِدٌ عَلَى قَوْلِهِ: "وَكُلٌّ مِنْهُمَا أَوْ عَقْلِيٌّ"، وَتَقْرِيرُ السُّؤَالِ أَنْ نَقُولَ كُلُّ وَجْهِ شَبَهٍ فَهُوَ مُشْتَرَكٌ فِيهِ، وَكُلُّ مُشْتَرَكٍ فِيهِ فَهُوَ كُلِّيٌّ، يَنْتِجُ كُلُّ وَجْهِ شَبَهٍ فَهُوَ كُلِّيٌّ ثُمَّ تَضُمُّ إِلَيْهَا كُبْرَى الْقِيَاسِ الثَّانِي، وَتَقُولُ: وَلَا شَيْءَ مِنَ الْحِسِّيِّ بِكُلِّيٍّ، يَنْتِجُ لَا شَيْءَ مِنْ وَجْهِ الشَّبَهِ بِحِسِّيٍّ، وَهُوَ الْمَطْلُوبُ.

If it is said: 'This objection applies to his statement: "And each of them, or rational," and the formulation of the question is that we say: Every aspect of resemblance is something shared, and everything shared is a universal; this yields that every aspect of resemblance is a universal. Then you add to it the major premise of the second syllogism and say: And nothing sensory is a universal; this yields that no aspect of resemblance is sensory, which is the desired conclusion.'

مَوْجُودٌ إِلَخْ أَيْ مَوْجُودٌ فِي الْجُزْئِيَّاتِ الْمَادِّيَّةِ أَيْ أَنَّ كُلَّ مَا يُدْرَكُ بِإِحْدَى الْحَوَاسِّ مَوْجُودٌ فِي مَادَّةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ أَيْ فِي جِسْمٍ مُعَيَّنٍ كَالْحُمْرَةِ الْقَائِمَةِ بِالْخَدِّ.

'Exists, etc.' means it exists in material particulars, meaning that everything perceived by one of the senses exists in a specific matter, that is, in a specific body, like the redness subsisting in the cheek.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (24 verbs · 70 nouns)

• صَحَّ — to be valid
• قَالَ — to say
• اِشْتَرَكَ — to share
• تَشْبِيه — analogy
• وَجْه — aspect
• حِسِّيّ — sensory