Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 2 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 176

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْحَقِيقَةُ وَالْمَجَازُ أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِالْمَنِيَّةِ فِي مِثْلِ: أَنْشَبَتِ الْمَنِيَّةُ أَظْفَارَهَا هُوَ السَّبُعُ بِادِّعَاءِ السَّبُعِيَّةِ لَهَا، وَإِنْكَارِ أَنْ تَكُونَ شَيْئًا غَيْرَ السَّبُعِ بِقَرِينَةِ إِضَافَةِ الْأَظْفَارِ الَّتِي هِيَ مِنْ خَوَاصِّ السَّبُعِ إِلَيْهَا أَيْ إِلَى الْمَنِيَّةِ فَقَدْ ذُكِرَ الْمُشَبَّهُ وَهُوَ الْمَنِيَّةُ، وَأُرِيدَ بِهِ الْمُشَبَّهُ بِهِ وَهُوَ السَّبُعُ، فَالِاسْتِعَارَةُ بِالْكِنَايَةِ لَا تَنْفَكُّ عَنِ التَّخْيِيلِيَّةِ بِمَعْنَى أَنَّهُ لَا تُوجَدُ اسْتِعَارَةٌ بِالْكِنَايَةِ بِدُونِ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ التَّخْيِيلِيَّةِ؛ لِأَنَّ فِي إِضَافَةِ خَوَاصِّ الْمُشَبَّهِ بِهِ إِلَى الْمُشَبَّهِ اسْتِعَارَةٌ تَخْيِيلِيَّةٌ، وَرُدَّ مَا ذَكَرَهُ مِنْ تَفْسِيرِ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ الْمَكْنِيِّ عَنْهَا بِأَنَّ لَفْظَ الْمُشَبَّهِ فِيهَا أَيْ فِي الِاسْتِعَارَةِ بِالْكِنَايَةِ كَلَفْظِ الْمَنِيَّةِ مَثَلًا مُسْتَعْمَلٌ فِيمَا وُضِعَ لَهُ تَحْقِيقًا لِلْقَطْعِ بِأَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِالْمَنِيَّةِ هُوَ الْمَوْتُ لَا غَيْرُ، عَلَى أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ إِلَخْ وَصَحَّ ذَلِكَ بِنَاءً عَلَى أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِالْمَنِيَّةِ هُوَ السَّبُعُ عِنْدَ السَّكَّاكِيِّ، وَأَمَّا عِنْدَ الْمُصَنِّفِ فَالْمُرَادُ بِالْمَنِيَّةِ: الْمَوْتُ الْحَقِيقِيُّ.

Regarding literal and figurative meaning, the intended meaning of 'death' (al-maniyyah) in an example like 'Death has dug its claws in' is the beast of prey, by claiming the quality of beastliness for it and denying that it is anything other than the beast, by the indicator of attributing the claws—which are among the characteristics of the beast—to it, that is, to death; thus, the likened object (al-mushabbah), which is death, has been mentioned, and the object it is likened to (al-mushabbah bihi), which is the beast, is intended by it, so the metaphor by metonymy (al-isti'arah bi-al-kinayah) is inseparable from the imaginative metaphor (al-takhayyiliyyah) in the sense that there is no metaphor by metonymy without the imaginative metaphor, because in attributing the characteristics of the likened-to object to the likened object, there is an imaginative metaphor; and what he mentioned regarding the interpretation of the metaphor by metonymy was refuted on the grounds that the word of the likened object in it—that is, in the metaphor by metonymy, like the word 'death' for example—is used in what it was coined for, to confirm the certainty that what is intended by 'death' is death and nothing else, notwithstanding that the intended meaning, etc., and that is valid based on the fact that the intended meaning of 'death' is the beast according to al-Sakkaki, whereas according to the author, the intended meaning of 'death' is actual death.

بِادِّعَاءِ إِلَخْ: لَمَّا كَانَ إِرَادَةُ السَّبُعِ الْحَقِيقِيِّ مِنَ الْمَنِيَّةِ فِي نَحْوِ الْمِثَالِ لَا تَصِحُّ أَشَارَ إِلَى مَا تَصِحُّ بِهِ إِرَادَةُ الطَّرَفِ الْآخَرِ الَّذِي هُوَ السَّبُعُ مِنَ الْمَنِيَّةِ بِقَوْلِهِ: "وَإِنَّمَا تَصِحُّ إِرَادَةُ السَّبُعِ مِنَ الْمَنِيَّةِ مَعَ أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ مِنْهَا الْمَوْتُ قَطْعًا بِسَبَبِ اعْتِبَارِ ادِّعَاءِ ثُبُوتِ السَّبُعِيَّةِ لَهَا وَإِنْكَارِ أَنْ تَكُونَ الْمَنِيَّةُ شَيْئًا آخَرَ غَيْرَ السَّبُعِ.

'By claiming, etc.': Since intending the actual beast by 'death' in such an example is not valid, he pointed to what makes intending the other party, which is the beast, from 'death' valid by his saying: 'And the intention of the beast from death is only valid, even though the intended meaning of it is definitely death, because of considering the claim of the establishment of beastliness for it and the denial that death is anything other than the beast.'

بِقَرِينَةٍ: أَيْ وَادِّعَاءُ ثُبُوتِ السَّبُعِيَّةِ لَهَا كَائِنٌ بِقَرِينَةٍ هِيَ إِضَافَةُ الْأَظْفَارِ الَّتِي هِيَ مِنْ خَوَاصِّ السَّبُعِ إِلَيْهَا، فَتَقْرِيرُ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ بِالْكِنَايَةِ فِي الْمِثَالِ الْمَذْكُورِ عَلَى مَذْهَبِ السَّكَّاكِيِّ أَنْ يُقَالَ: شُبِّهَتِ الْمَنِيَّةُ الَّتِي هِيَ الْمَوْتُ الْمُجَرَّدُ عَنِ ادِّعَاءِ السَّبُعِيَّةِ بِالسَّبُعِ الْحَقِيقِيِّ، وَادَّعَيْنَا أَنَّهَا فَرْدٌ مِنْ أَفْرَادِهِ وَأَنَّهَا غَيْرُ مُغَايِرَةٍ لَهُ وَأَنَّ لِلسَّبُعِ فَرْدَيْنِ: فَرْدٌ مُتَعَارَفٌ، وَفَرْدٌ غَيْرُ مُتَعَارَفٍ وَهُوَ الْمَوْتُ الَّذِي ادُّعِيَتْ لَهُ السَّبُعِيَّةُ، وَاسْتُعِيرَ اسْمُ الْمُشَبَّهِ وَهُوَ الْمَنِيَّةُ لِذَلِكَ الْفَرْدِ الْغَيْرِ الْمُتَعَارَفِ، أَعْنِي الْمَوْتَ الَّذِي ادُّعِيَتْ لَهُ السَّبُعِيَّةُ فَصَحَّ بِذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ قَدْ أُطْلِقَ اسْمُ الْمُشَبَّهِ وَهُوَ الْمَنِيَّةُ الَّذِي هُوَ أَحَدُ الطَّرَفَيْنِ وَأُرِيدَ بِهِ الْمُشَبَّهُ بِهِ الَّذِي هُوَ السَّبُعُ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ.

'By an indicator': That is, the claim of the establishment of beastliness for it exists by an indicator, which is the attribution of the claws—which are among the characteristics of the beast—to it; thus, the formulation of the metaphor by metonymy in the mentioned example according to the school of al-Sakkaki is to say: Death, which is death stripped of the claim of beastliness, was likened to the actual beast, and we claimed that it is an individual of its individuals and that it is not different from it, and that the beast has two individuals: a conventional individual, and an unconventional individual, which is the death for which beastliness was claimed, and the name of the likened object, which is 'death', was borrowed for that unconventional individual, I mean the death for which beastliness was claimed, so it became valid by that, that the name of the likened object, which is 'death'—which is one of the two parties—was used, and the likened-to object, which is the beast, was intended by it in general.

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Vocabulary · المفردات (20 verbs · 53 nouns)

• أَنْشَبَ — to fasten
• كَانَ — to be
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• حَقِيقَة — truth
• مَجَاز — metaphor
• مُرَاد — intended meaning