Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 1 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 438

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْإِنْشَاءُ: إِنْكَارُ تَوْبِيخٍ بِمَعْنَى أَنَّهُ لَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَتَّخِذُوا مِنْ دُونِهِ أَوْلِيَاءَ، وَحِينَئِذٍ يَتَرَتَّبُ عَلَيْهِ قَوْلُهُ: ﴿فَاللَّهُ هُوَ الْوَلِيُّ﴾ (الشُّورَى: ٩) مِنْ غَيْرِ تَقْدِيرِ شَرْطٍ، كَمَا يُقَالُ: لَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُعْبَدَ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ، فَاللَّهُ الْمُسْتَحِقُّ لِلْعِبَادَةِ، وَفِيهِ نَظَرٌ؛ إِذْ لَيْسَ كُلُّ مَا فِيهِ مَعْنَى الشَّيْءِ حُكْمُهُ حُكْمُ ذَلِكَ الشَّيْءِ، وَالطَّبْعُ الْمُسْتَقِيمُ شَاهِدُ صِدْقٍ عَلَى صِحَّةِ قَوْلِنَا: "لَا تَضْرِبْ زَيْدًا فَهُوَ أَخُوكَ" بِخِلَافِ "أَتَضْرِبُ زَيْدًا فَهُوَ أَخُوكَ" اسْتِفْهَامُ إِنْكَارٍ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَصِحُّ إِلَّا بِالْوَاوِ الْحَالِيَّةِ.

Insha' (creative speech): It is a reproachful denial, meaning that they should not take protectors besides Him, and in that case, His saying 'For Allah is the Protector' (Ash-Shura: 9) follows from it without the need to posit a conditional clause, just as one says: 'It is not appropriate that anyone other than Allah be worshipped, for Allah is the one deserving of worship,' though there is a critical view on this; for not everything that contains the meaning of a thing necessarily shares its ruling, and a sound nature is a truthful witness to the correctness of our saying: 'Do not hit Zayd, for he is your brother,' unlike 'Do you hit Zayd, for he is your brother,' which is a denial-based interrogation, for it is not correct except with the circumstantial 'wa'.

[النِّدَاءُ] وَمِنْهَا أَيْ وَمِنْ أَنْوَاعِ الطَّلَبِ النِّدَاءُ وَهُوَ طَلَبُ الْإِقْبَالِ بِحَرْفٍ نَائِبٍ مَنَابَ "أَدْعُو" لَفْظًا أَوْ تَقْدِيرًا، وَقَدْ تُسْتَعْمَلُ صِيغَتُهُ أَيْ صِيغَةُ النِّدَاءِ فِي غَيْرِ مَعْنَاهُ وَهُوَ طَلَبُ الْإِقْبَالِ الْأَصْلِيِّ نَحْوُ: يَا اللَّهُ.

[The Call (Nida')] And among them, meaning among the types of request, is the call, which is the request for attention using a particle that stands in place of 'I call' either explicitly or implicitly, and its form, meaning the form of the call, may be used for other than its original meaning, which is the primary request for attention, such as: 'O Allah'.

إِنْكَارُ تَوْبِيخٍ لِأَنَّ "أَمْ" مُنْقَطِعَةٌ بِمَعْنَى "بَلْ" وَالْأَصْلُ بَلِ اتَّخَذُوا وَالِاسْتِفْهَامُ لِلْإِنْكَارِ وَ"أَوْلِيَاءَ" نَكِرَةٌ فِي سِيَاقِ النَّفْيِ، فَتُفِيدُ الْعُمُومَ فَيَكُونُ قَوْلُهُ: ﴿أَمِ اتَّخَذُوا مِنْ دُونِهِ أَوْلِيَاءَ﴾ (الشُّورَى: ٩) إِنْكَارًا لِكُلِّ وَلِيٍّ غَيْرِ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ خِلَافٍ بَيْنَ الْقَوْلَيْنِ، وَإِنَّمَا الْخِلَافُ فِي الْفَاءِ هَلْ هِيَ لِمُجَرَّدِ الْعَطْفِ كَمَا هُوَ هَذَا الْقَوْلُ، أَوْ أَنَّهَا رَابِطَةٌ لِجَوَابِ الشَّرْطِ الْمُقَدَّرِ كَمَا يَقُولُ الْمُصَنِّفُ، فَمَحَطُّ الْمُخَالَفَةِ بَيْنَ الْقَوْلَيْنِ قَوْلُهُ: وَحِينَئِذٍ يَتَرَتَّبُ عَلَيْهِ إِلَخْ.

It is a reproachful denial because 'am' is disjunctive, meaning 'rather,' and the original is 'rather, they have taken,' and the interrogation is for denial, and 'protectors' is an indefinite noun in the context of negation, so it implies generality, thus His saying: 'Or have they taken protectors besides Him?' (Ash-Shura: 9) is a denial of every protector other than Allah, may He be glorified, without disagreement between the two views; the disagreement is only regarding the 'fa,' whether it is merely for conjunction as this view holds, or if it is a connector for the answer to an implied conditional clause as the author says, so the point of contention between the two views is his saying: 'And in that case, it follows from it, etc.'

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Vocabulary · المفردات (14 verbs · 76 nouns)

• اِنْبَغَى — to be appropriate
• اِتَّخَذَ — to take
• تَرَتَّبَ — to result
• إِنْشَاء — non-declarative speech
• إِنْكَار — denial
• تَوْبِيخ — reproach