Egyptian Arabic Curriculum — Grade 10, Semester 1 — Page 19

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

تَهْتَمُّ الْبَلَاغَةُ بِنَوَاحِي التَّذَوُّقِ فِي الْفُنُونِ الشِّعْرِيَّةِ وَالنَّثْرِيَّةِ.

Rhetoric focuses on the nuances of aesthetic appreciation in both poetry and prose.

وَتَنْقَسِمُ الْبَلَاغَةُ إِلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ.

Rhetoric is divided into three branches.

أَوَّلًا: الْبَدِيعُ: وَيُعْنَى بِالْمُحَسِّنَاتِ الْبَدِيعِيَّةِ الَّتِي يَسْتَدْعِيهَا الْمَوْقِفُ وَالسِّيَاقُ.

First: Al-Badi', which concerns stylistic devices required by the situation and context.

وَتُؤَدِّي دَوْرًا جَوْهَرِيًّا فِي الدَّلَالَةِ.

These devices play a significant role in shaping meaning.

وَيَشْمَلُ: الْجِنَاسَ، وَالطِّبَاقَ، وَالْمُقَابَلَةَ، وَمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِالْمُوسِيقَى.

It includes puns, antithesis, contrast, and elements related to musicality.

ثَانِيًا: الْمَعَانِي: وَيُعْنَى بِإِيحَاءَاتِ الْأَلْفَاظِ وَالتَّرَاكِيبِ وَالْأَسَالِيبِ.

Second: Al-Ma'ani, which concerns the implications of words, structures, and styles.

وَيَشْتَمِلُ عَلَى الْأَسَالِيبِ الْخَبَرِيَّةِ وَالْإِنْشَائِيَّةِ، وَالتَّقْدِيمِ وَالتَّأْخِيرِ، وَالتَّعْرِيفِ وَالتَّنْكِيرِ.

It covers declarative and interrogative modes, word order, and definiteness versus indefiniteness.

ثَالِثًا: الْبَيَانُ: وَيُعْنَى بِالْجَانِبِ التَّصْوِيرِيِّ فِي الْفَنِّ الشِّعْرِيِّ وَالنَّثْرِيِّ.

Third: Al-Bayan, which concerns the use of imagery in poetry and prose.

وَيَشْمَلُ: التَّشْبِيهَ، وَالِاسْتِعَارَةَ، وَالْكِنَايَةَ، وَالْمَجَازَ الْمُرْسَلَ.

It includes simile, metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche.

اقْرَأِ الْأَمْثِلَةَ الْآتِيَةَ.

Read the following examples.

كَانَ حَاتِمٌ الطَّائِيُّ عَطَاؤُهُ كَثِيرٌ.

Hatim al-Ta'i was known for his great generosity.

كَانَ الْجُوعُ شَدِيدًا.

Hunger was severe.

أَيَّامُ انْتِصَارَاتِنَا وَاضِحَةٌ مَعْرُوفَةٌ وَمَشْهُورَةٌ.

The days of our victories are clear, well-known, and famous.

كَانَ حَاتِمٌ الطَّائِيُّ بَحْرًا يَفِيضُ عَطَاؤُهُ.

Hatim al-Ta'i was a sea of overflowing generosity.

كَانَ الْجُوعُ يَنْهَشُ الْأَمْعَاءَ.

Hunger gnawed at the stomach.

وَأَيَّامُنَا مَشْهُورَةٌ فِي عَدُوِّنَا لَهَا غُرَرٌ مَعْلُومَةٌ وَحُجُولٌ.

Our days are famous among our enemies, marked by unmistakable signs of glory.

تَأَمَّلْ أَمْثِلَةَ الْمَجْمُوعَةِ (أ) تَجِدْ أَنَّ عَطَاءَ حَاتِمٍ وَالْجُوعَ وَأَيَّامَ الِانْتِصَارَاتِ قَدِ اسْتُعْمِلَتْ بِمَعْنَاهَا الْحَقِيقِيِّ.

Examine the examples in group (A); you will find that Hatim's generosity, hunger, and the days of victory are used in their literal sense.

وَلَمْ تَخْرُجْ عَنْهُ، وَهَذَا مَا يُسَمَّى بِالتَّعْبِيرِ الْحَقِيقِيِّ.

They remain within their standard definitions, which is what we call literal expression.

تَأَمَّلْ أَمْثِلَةَ الْمَجْمُوعَةِ (ب) تَجِدْ أَنَّ الْكَلِمَاتِ بَحْرٌ وَيَنْهَشُ وَغُرَرٌ وَحُجُولٌ اسْتُخْدِمَتْ فِي غَيْرِ مَعْنَاهَا الْأَصْلِيِّ.

Examine the examples in group (B); you will find that the words 'sea', 'gnawing', and the imagery of 'blazes and white markings' are used in non-literal ways.

لِعَلَاقَةِ الْمُشَابَهَةِ.

This is due to a relationship of similarity.

وَهَذَا مَا يُسَمَّى بِالتَّعْبِيرِ الْمَجَازِيِّ.

This is what is called figurative expression.

Vocabulary · المفردات (21 verbs · 68 nouns)

• شَابَ — to turn grey
• نَمَى — to grow
• اهْتَمَّ — to care
• انْقَسَمَ — to be divided
• عَنَى — to mean
• اسْتَدْعَى — to summon
• أَدَّى — to perform
• شَمِلَ — to include
• تَعَلَّقَ — to relate
• اشْتَمَلَ — to contain
• قَرَأَ — to read
• كَانَ — to be
• فَاضَ — to overflow
• نَهَشَ — to bite
• تَأَمَّلَ — to contemplate
• وَجَدَ — to find
• اسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• خَرَجَ — to exit
• سَمَّى — to name
• اسْتَخْدَمَ — to use
• ظَهَرَ — to appear
• تَذَوُّق — taste
• عُلَا — highness
• كَهْل — man
• لَمْحَة — glimpse, quick glance
• بَلَاغَة — eloquence, rhetoric
• حَقِيقَة — truth
• مَجَاز — metaphor
• نَاحِيَة — aspect
• فَنّ — art
• قِسْم — section
• بَدِيع — innovation
• مُحَسِّن — enhancement
• مَوْقِف — situation
• سِيَاق — context
• دَوْر — role
• دَلَالَة — significance
• جِنَاس — pun
• طِبَاق — antithesis
• مُقَابَلَة — contrast
• مُوسِيقَى — music
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• إِيحَاء — suggestion
• لَفْظ — word
• تَرْكِيب — structure
• أُسْلُوب — style
• تَقْدِيم — fronting
• تَأْخِير — delay
• تَعْرِيف — definition
• تَنْكِير — indefiniteness
• بَيَان — clarity
• جَانِب — side
• تَصْوِير — imagery
• تَشْبِيه — simile
• اسْتِعَارَة — metaphor
• كِنَايَة — metonymy
• مِثَال — an example
• عَطَاء — giving
• كَثِير — much
• جُوع — hunger
• شَدِيد — intense
• يَوْم — day
• انْتِصَار — victory
• وَاضِح — clear
• مَعْرُوف — known
• مَشْهُور — famous
• بَحْر — meter, sea
• أَمْعَاء — intestines
• عَدُوّ — enemy
• غُرَّة — blaze (on an animal's forehead)
• مَعْلُوم — known
• حَجَل — white marking on horse's leg
• تَوْضِيح — clarification
• مَجْمُوعَة — group
• تَعْبِير — expression
• كَلِمَة — a word (grammatical term)
• أَصْل — origin
• عَلَاقَة — relation
• مُشَابَهَة — similarity
• حَيَوَان — animal
• مُفْتَرِس — predatory
• خَيْل — horse
• مُحَجَّل — white-footed
• بَيَاض — whiteness
• جَبْهَة — forehead
• قَائِمَة — leg
• بَدِيعِيَّة — rhetorical (adjective)
• خَبَرِيَّة — declarative
• ثَالِث — third