ءذا

Root entry · 20 derived lemmas

This root primarily concerns temporal conjunctions and particles indicating future time, conditionality, and sudden occurrence. It explores the nuances of 'idha' and 'idh' in various grammatical contexts, including their use in conditional sentences, for surprise, and as temporal markers for past or future events.

Derived headwords

إِذَاparticle

1.
when (future)both
A particle indicating a future event, always followed by a nominal or verbal clause.
2.
if (conditional)both
Used in conditional sentences to introduce a clause that implies a consequence.
3.
suddenlyboth
Used to indicate a sudden or unexpected occurrence, often translated as 'and then' or 'suddenly'.

أجيئك إذا احمر البسر — I will come to you when the dates ripen.

وإن تصبهم سيئة بما قدمت أيديهم إذا هم يقنطون — And if disaster strikes them because of what their hands have put forth, they despair.

إِذْparticle

1.
when (past)both
A particle indicating a past event, often used to mark a specific point in time.
2.
suddenly (past)classical
Used to indicate a sudden occurrence in the past, similar to 'idha' but for past events.

بينما أنا كذا إذ إذ جاء زيد — While I was thus, suddenly Zayd came.

بينما الناس على عليائها، إذ إذ هووا في هوة فيها فغاروا — While people were on their high ground, suddenly they fell into a pit and drowned.

وَقُوعnoun

1.
occurrenceboth
The act or fact of happening; an event.

والذي يدل على أنها اسم وقوعها موقع قولك آتيك يوم يقدم فلان — And what indicates that it (idha) is a noun is its placement in the position of your saying 'I will come to you on the day so-and-so arrives'.

ظَرْفnoun

1.
adverbialboth
A word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, or condition.

وهي ظرف — And it (idha) is an adverbial.

مُجَازَاةnoun

1.
reciprocityclassical
The state of being reciprocal; a mutual action or relationship.

وفيها مجازاة لأن جزاء الشرط ثلاثة أشياء — And it (idha) has reciprocity because the consequence of a condition has three things.

شَرْطnoun

1.
conditionboth
A thing that must be true for something else to happen or be true.

لأن جزاء الشرط ثلاثة أشياء — Because the consequence of a condition has three things.

فِعْلnoun

1.
actionboth
The process of doing something; an act.

أحدها الفعل كقولك إن تأتني آتك — One of them is the action, like your saying 'If you come to me, I will come to you'.

فَاءparticle

1.
fa (particle)both
A particle used in conditional sentences to link the condition to its consequence.

والثاني الفاء كقولك إن تأتني فأنا محسن إليك — And the second is the 'fa', like your saying 'If you come to me, then I am good to you'.

مُوَافَقَةnoun

1.
agreementboth
Harmony or accordance between things.

وتكون للشيء توافقه في حال أنت فيها — And it (idha) can be for something that agrees with your state at the time.

فَجَأَverb

1.
to surpriseboth
To come upon suddenly and unexpectedly.

خرجت فإذا زيد قائم؛ المعنى خرجت ففاجأني زيد في الوقت بقيام — I went out, and there was Zayd standing; the meaning is 'I went out, and Zayd suddenly surprised me by standing at that moment'.

مَكَانِيَّةadjective

1.
locativeclassical
Pertaining to place; indicating location.

إذا في البيت هي المكانية التي تجيء للمفاجأة — The 'idha' in the verse is the locative one that comes for surprise.

مُضَافparticiple

1.
addedboth
Joined or connected to something else.

غير مضافة إلى ما بعدها — Not added to what comes after it.

عَامِلnoun

1.
عامل (grammatical)classical
The operative grammatical factor that causes a change in the form of another word.

والعامل في إذ هووا — And the عامل (operative factor) in 'idh huwaa' (they fell).

مَاضِيadjective

1.
pastboth
Of or relating to a time earlier than the present.

فهي لما مضى من الزمان — It (idh) is for the past time.

وَاجِبadjective

1.
necessaryboth
Required to be done, achieved, or present; needed; essential.

إلا الفعل الواجب — Except the necessary verb.

زِيَادَةnoun

1.
additionboth
The action or process of adding something to something else.

وقد تزادان جميعا في الكلام — And they (idh and idha) may both be added in speech.

مُوَاعَدَةnoun

1.
appointmentboth
An agreement to meet at a certain time and place.

وإذ إذ واعدنا موسى؛ أي وواعدنا — And 'idh idha wa'adna Musa'; meaning 'and We appointed a time with Moses'.

كَفّverb

1.
to refrainboth
To stop oneself from doing something.

أو يكون قد كف عن خبره لعلم السامع — Or it might be that he refrained from his report because the listener knew.

جَوَابnoun

1.
answerboth
A thing said, written, or done to deal with or respond to a question, statement, or situation.

جواب إذا محذوف — The answer to 'idha' is omitted.

نَصْبnoun

1.
accusative caseclassical
The grammatical case that marks the object of a transitive verb or the object of a preposition.

وهو الناصب لقوله شلا — And it (the omitted answer) is what causes the accusative case for the word 'shalla'.

Parallel reading

إذا اسم يدل على زمان مستقبل ولم تستعمل إلا مضافة إلى جملة

'Idha' is a noun indicating future time and is only used when annexed to a clause.

تقول: أجيئك إذا احمر البسر وإذا قدم فلان

You say: 'I will come to you when the dates ripen and when so-and-so arrives'.

والذي يدل على أنها اسم وقوعها موقع قولك آتيك يوم يقدم فلان

And what indicates that it (idha) is a noun is its placement in the position of your saying 'I will come to you on the day so-and-so arrives'.

وهي ظرف

And it (idha) is an adverbial.

وفيها مجازاة لأن جزاء الشرط ثلاثة أشياء

And it (idha) has reciprocity because the consequence of a condition has three things.

أحدها الفعل كقولك إن تأتني آتك

One of them is the action, like your saying 'If you come to me, I will come to you'.

والثاني الفاء كقولك إن تأتني فأنا محسن إليك

And the second is the 'fa', like your saying 'If you come to me, then I am good to you'.

والثالث إذا كقوله تعالى: وإن تصبهم سيئة بما قدمت أيديهم إذا هم يقنطون

And the third is 'idha', as in His saying: 'And if disaster strikes them because of what their hands have put forth, they despair'.

وتكون للشيء توافقه في حال أنت فيها وذلك نحو قولك خرجت فإذا زيد قائم

And it (idha) can be for something that agrees with your state at the time, such as your saying 'I went out, and there was Zayd standing'.

المعنى خرجت ففاجأني زيد في الوقت بقيام

The meaning is 'I went out, and Zayd suddenly surprised me by standing at that moment'.

قال ابن جني في إعراب أبيات الحماسة في باب الأدب في قوله: بينا نسوس الناس، والأمر أمرنا، ... إذا نحن فيهم سوقة نتنصف

Ibn Jinni said in the parsing of the verses of Al-Hamasa, in the chapter on literature, regarding his saying: 'While we were governing the people, and the command was ours, ... suddenly we became commoners among them'.

إذا في البيت هي المكانية التي تجيء للمفاجأة

The 'idha' in the verse is the locative one that comes for surprise.

وكذلك إذ إذ في قول الأفوه: بينما الناس على عليائها، ... إذ إذ هووا في هوة فيها فغاروا

And likewise 'idh idha' in the saying of Al-Afwah: 'While people were on their high ground, ... suddenly they fell into a pit and drowned'.

فإذ هنا غير مضافة إلى ما بعدها

So 'idh' here is not annexed to what comes after it.

والعامل في إذ هووا

And the operative factor in 'idh huwaa' (they fell).

وأما إذ إذ فهي لما مضى من الزمان

As for 'idh idha', it is for the past time.

وقد تكون للمفاجأة مثل إذا ولا يليها إلا الفعل الواجب

And it may be for surprise like 'idha', and it is only followed by a necessary verb.

وذلك نحو قولك بينما أنا كذا إذ إذ جاء زيد

And that is like your saying 'While I was thus, suddenly Zayd came'.

وقد تزادان جميعا في الكلام كقوله تعالى: وإذ إذ واعدنا موسى؛ أي وواعدنا

And they (idh and idha) may both be added in speech, like His saying: 'And 'idh idha' We appointed a time with Moses'; meaning 'and We appointed a time'.

حتى إذا أسلكوهم في قتائدة، ... شلا كما تطرد الجمالة الشردا

'Until when they made them pass through thorny bushes, ... like scattered camels driven away'.

جواب إذا محذوف وهو الناصب لقوله شلا

The answer to 'idha' is omitted, and it is what causes the accusative case for the word 'shalla'.