علو

عَلَى ذ is a particle and a noun (Mbr, S, Mughnee, K) and a verb; (Mbr, S;) though some assert that it is only a noun, and ascribe this assertion to Sb: (Mughnee:) its alif, (Sb, S, Msb,) [which, when it has no affix, is written ى, and] which is originally و, (Sb, S,) [like that of اـِلَى, q. v.,] is changed into [what is properly] ى when it has a pronominal affix, (Sb, S, Msb,) as in عَلَيْكَ, (Sb, S,) and عَلَيْهِ; (Msb;) but some of the Arabs [in this case] leave it unchanged, as in the saying of a rájiz, طَارُوا عَلَاهُنَّ فَطِرْ عَلَاهَا [ They fled, or have fled, upon them, (referring to camels,) and flee thou upon her ]; this, it is said, being of the dial. of Belhárith Ibn-Kaab. (Sb, S.) ― -b2- As a particle, it has nine [or more than nine] meanings. (Mughnee.) As such, (Mughnee,) or, accord. to Sb, as a noun, (K,) it denotes الاِسْتِعْلَاآء [i. e. superiority] (Msb, Es-Subkee, Mughnee, K, TA) properly thus termed, (Msb,) such as is perceptible by sense; (Es-Subkee, TA;) either with respect to what is signified by the noun governed by it, and this is generally the case, (Mughnee,) as in the saying [in the Kur xxiii. 22 and xl. 80], وَعَلَيْهَا وَعَلَى ا@لْفُلْكِ تُحْمَلُونَ [ And upon them (referring to camels) and upon the ship, or ships, ye are carried ]; (Mughnee, K;) or with respect to what is near thereto, as in the saying [in the Kur xx. 10], أَوْ أَجِدُ عَلَى ا@لنَّارِ هُدًى [ Or I shall find near upon the fire, i. e. at the fire, a right direction ]: (Mughnee:) and using it to denote الاستعلاآء properly thus termed, you say, كُنْتُ عَلَى السَّطْحِ [ I was upon the flat house-top ]: (Msb:) [in like manner also,] as denoting الاستعلاآء that is perceptible by sense, it occurs in the saying [in the Kur lv. 26], كُلُّ مَنْ عَلَيْهَا فَانٍ [ Every one that is upon it (referring to the earth) is transitory ]: (Es-Subkee, TA:) and you say, عَلَى زَيْدٍ ثَوْبٌ [ Upon Zeyd is, or was, a garment ], عَلَى being here a particle; and عَلَا زَيْدًا ثَوْبٌ [ A garment was upon Zeyd, ] عَلَا being here a verb. (Mbr, S.) And it denotes الاستعلاآء, likewise, tropically thus termed, (Msb, TA,) such as is ideal, or perceived by the intel-lect; (Msb, Es-Subkee, Mughnee, TA;) as in the saying زَيْدٌ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ (tropical:) [ Zeyd, a debt is lying upon him, or incumbent on him, i. e. he owes a debt, لِفُلَانٍ to such a one ], that which is ideal being thus likened to that which is corporeal; (Msb;) and in the phrases عَلَيْنَا أَمْرٌ and عَلَيْنَا مَالٌ, meaning (tropical:) An affair, or a command, lies, or rests, upon us, or is incumbent on us, and so property, [ as due from us, i. e.] the former as a duty and the latter as a debt, i. e. يَثْبُتُ, like as the thing lies, or rests, (يَثْبُتُ,) upon the place; the latter phrase importing responsibility: and ثَبَتَ عَلَيْهِ مَالٌ is also said to mean كَثُرَ [i. e. (assumed tropical:) property was, or became, much in quantity, or amount, upon him, app. as a burden imposing upon him responsibility ]. (TA.) And it [likewise] denotes ideal استعلاآء in the phrase لَهُمْ عَلَىَّ ذَنْبٌ (tropical:) [ A crime, or an offence, committed upon (or here, as in many other instances, it may be rendered against ) me is imputable to them ]: (Mughnee:) and so in the saying [in the Kur ii. 254 and xvii. 22], فَضَّلْنَا بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ (tropical:) [ We have made some of them to have superiority over some ]. (Es-Subkee, Mughnee, TA.) [See also أَنْتَ عَلَى عَيْنِى, and and أَنْتَ عَلَى رَأْسِى, voce عَيْنٌ, first quarter.] ― -b3- It also denotes concomitance, like مَعَ; as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 172], وَاآتَى المَالَ عَلَى حُبِّهِ [ And giveth property with (or notwithstanding ) the love of it ]; (Mughnee, K;) and so it is said to be used in the phrase, in a trad. respecting the alms of the breaking of the fast [of Ramadán], عَلَى كُلِّ حُرٍّ وَعَبْدٍ صَاعٌ [ With every free man and slave, a sáa ], because the alms-gift of the breaking of the fast is not incumbent on the slave, but only on his master; (IAth, TA;) and so it is used in the [common] phrase, عَلَى أَنَّنِى رَاضٍ [ With (or notwithstanding ) my being pleased, or well pleased, or content ]. (Har p. 13.) ― -b4- It also denotes transition, (Mughnee, K,) like عَنْ; (Mughnee;) as in the saying (of El-Koheyf El- 'Okeylee, TA), اـِذَا رَضِيَتْ عَلَىَّ بَنُو قُشَيْرٍ لَعَمْرُ ا@للّٰهِ أَعْجَبَنِى رِضَاهَا [ When the sons of Kusheyr shall be pleased, or well pleased, or content, with me, (or rather, if عَلَىَّ here denote transition, with what will proceed from me, ) by the everlasting existence of God, their being pleased, &c., will induce in me admiration, or pleasure ], (Mughnee, K, * TA,) i. e. عَنِّى; (Mughnee, TA;) or it may be that رَضِىَ is made to imply the meaning of عَطَفَ [which is trans. by means of عَلَى]; (Mughnee;) or, as Ks says, it is made to accord with its contr. سَخِطَ, (Mughnee, TA,) by its being made trans. by means of عَلَى: (TA:) and so in the saying, فِى لَيْلَةٍ لَا نَرَى بِهَا أَحَدًا يَحْكِى عَلَيْنَا اـِلَّا كَوَاكِبَهَا [ In a nigh in which we shall not see any one that shall report what will proceed from us, except its stars ], i. e., عَنَّا; or it may be said that يَحْكِى is [here] made to imply the meaning of يَنُِمُّ. (Mughnee.) ― -b5- It is also used to assign a cause, like ل; as in the saying [in the Kur ii. 181], وَلِتُكَبِّرُوا ا@للّٰهَ عَلَى مَا هَدَاكُمْ, (Mughnee, K,) meaning لِهِدَايَتِهِ اـِيَّاكُمْ [i. e. And that ye should magnify God for, or on account of, his rightly directing you ]; (Mughnee;) [and in the same, vi. 90, &c., لَا أَسْأَلُكُمْ عَلَيْهِ أَجْرًا i. e. I will not ask of you for it, or on account of it, a recompense; ] and as in the saying of Rabee'ah Ibn Makroom Ed-Dabbee, فَدَعَوْا نَزَالِ فَكُنْتُ أَوَّلَ نَازِلٍ وَعَلَامَ أَرْكَبُهُ اـِذَا لَمْ أَنْزِلِ i. e. [ And they called out, “ Alight; ” and I was the first of any alighting: ] and for what [or wherefore ] do I ride him if I do not alight when called upon to do so? (Ham p. 29. [...]