اذا

اـِذَا ذ denotes a thing's happening suddenly, or unexpectedly; (Mughnee, K;) or one's experiencing the occurrence of a thing when he is in a particular state; (S;) like اـِذٌ: (S voce اـِذٌ:) it pertains only to nominal phrases; does not require to be followed by a reply, or the complement of a condition; does not occur at the commencement of a sentence; and signifies the present time, (Mughnee, K,) not the future; (Mughnee;) as in خَرَجْتُ فَاـِذَا الأَسَدُ بالبَابِ [ I went forth, and lo, or behold, or there, or then, at that present time, (accord. to different authorities, as will be seen below,) the lion was at the door ]; and (in the saying in the Kur [xx. 21], TA,) فَاـِذَا هِىَ حَيَّةٌ تَسْعَى [ And lo, or behold, &c., it was a serpent running ]; (Mughnee, K;) and in the saying, خَرَجْتُ فَاـِذَا زَيْدٌ قَائِمٌ, which means I went forth, and Zeyd presented himself to me suddenly, or unexpectedly, at the time, by standing. (S, TA.) Accord. to Akh, it is a particle, (Mughnee, K,) and his opinion is rendered preferable by their saying, خَرَجْتُ فَاـِذَا اـِنَّ زِيْداً بِالبَابِ [ I went forth, and lo, or behold, verily Zeyd was at the door ]; for [اذا cannot here be a noun governed in the accus. case, as] what follows اـِنَّ, which is with kesr, does not govern what precedes it: (Mughnee:) accord. to Mbr, it is an adverbial noun of place: accord. to Zj, an adverbial noun of time. (Mughnee, K.) Ibn-Málik adopts the first of these opinions; Ibn-'Osfoor, the second; (Mughnee;) and so El-Fenjedeehee; (TA;) and Z, the third; and he asserts that its governing word is a verb understood, derived from المُفَاجَأَةُ; [agreeably with the explanation cited above from the S;] but others hold that the word which governs it in the accus. case is the enunciative, which is either expressed, as in خَرَجْتُ فَاـِذَا زَيْدٌ جَالِسٌ [ I went forth, and there, in that place, or then, at that time, Zeyd was sitting ], or meant to be understood, as in فَاـِذَا الأَسَدُ, i. e. حَاضِرٌ [ And there, or then, the lion was present ]; or if it be supposed to be [itself] the enunciative, its governing word is مُسْتَقِرُّ or اِسْتَقَرَّ [understood]: and in the last of the phrases here mentioned, it may be an enunciative accord. to the opinion of Mbr, the meaning being فَبِا@لْحَاضِرَةِ الأَسَدُ [ And among the things present was the lion ]; but not accord. to the opinion of Zj, because a noun signifying time cannot be the enunciative of one signifying a corporeal thing; nor accord to the opinion of Akh, because a particle cannot be used to denote the enunciative of such a thing; or, as signifying time, it may be the enunciative of such a thing if we suppose a prefixed noun to be suppressed, the meaning of فَاـِذَا الأَسَدُ being فَاـِذاَ حُضُورُ الأَسَدِ [ And then was the presence of the lion ]. (Mughnee.) You may say either خَرَجْتُ فَاـِذَا زَيْدٌ جَالِسٌ or جَالِساً [ I went forth, and lo, or behold, &c., Zeyd was sitting or Zeyd was there sitting ], with the nom. as an enunciative and with the accus. as a denotative of state. (Mughnee.) The Arabs said, قَدْ كُنْتُ أَظُنُّ أَنَّ العَقْرَبَ أَشَدُّ لَسْعَةً مِنَ الزُّنْبُورِ فَاـِذاَ هُوَ هِى [ I used to think that the scorpion was more vehement in stinging than the hornet, and lo, he is (as vehement as) she ], and also, فَاـِذاَ هُوَ اـِيَّاهَا, which Sb disallowed, in contending with Ks, who allowed it, and appealed for confirmation thereof to certain Arabs, whose judgment was pronounced in his favour; but it is said that they were bribed to give this judgment, or that they knew the place which Ks held in the estimation of Er-Rasheed; and if the latter expression be of established authority, it is irregular and unchaste. (Mughnee.) ― -b2- It also denotes the complement of a condition, like فَ, (S, Msb,) with which it is in this case syn., (Msb,) as in the words of the Kur [xxx. 35], وَاـِنْ تُصِبْهُمْ سَيِّئَةٌ بِمَا قَدَّمَتْ أَيْدِيهِمْ اـِذَا هُمُ يَقْنَطُون [ And if an evil befall them for that which their hands have sent before, (i. e. for sins which they have committed,) then they despair ]. (S, Msb.) ― -b3- It is also an adverbial noun denoting future time, (S, Msb, Mughnee, K, *) and implying the meaning of a condition, (Msb, Mughnee,) and this is generally the case when it is not used in the manner first explained above. (Mughnee.) In this case it is not used otherwise than as prefixed to a proposition, (S, Mughnee,) which is always verbal, as in the words of the Kur [xxx. 24], ثُمَّ اـِذَا دَعَاكُمَ دَعْوَةً مِنَ الأَرْضِ اـذَا أَنْتُمْ تَخْرُجُونَ [ Then, when He shall call you, or when He calleth you, (for, as in Arabic, so in English, a verb which is properly present is often tropically future,) with a single call from out the earth, lo, or behold, or then, ye shall come forth ], in which occur both the usages of اذا here mentioned; (Mughnee;) and in the phrase, اـِذَا جِئْتَ أَكْرَمْتُكَ [ When thou shalt come, I will treat thee with honour ]; (Msb;) and in the phrase, أَجِيْؤُكَ اـِذَا ا@حْمَرَّالبُسْرُ [ I will come to thee when the fullgrown unripe dates shall become red ], and اـِذَا قَدِمَ فُلَانٌ [ when such a one shall arrive ], which shows it to be a noun because this is equivalent to يَوْمَ يَقْدَمُ فُلَانٌ [on the day when such a one shall arrive]: (S:) or in the phrase قُمْ اـِذَا ا@حْمَرَّ البُسْرُ [and in many other cases] it denotes time divested of any accessory idea, the meaning being [ Arise thou ] at the time of the full-grown unripe dates' becoming red: and so in the saying of EshSháfi'ee, If a man were to say, أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ اـِذَا لَمْ أُطَلِّقْكِ, or مَتَى لم اطلّقك, [ Thou art divorced when I do not divorce thee, ] and then be silent for a time sufficient for the divorce to be pronounced therein, she would be divorced; but should he make it dependent upon a thing in the future, the divorce would be delayed to that time, as if he said, اذا احمرّ البسر [using it in the sense first assigned to this phrase above]. (Msb.) The [...]