Sharh al-Arba'in al-Nawawiyya by Ibn Uthaymeen (شرح الأربعين النووية) — Page 13

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

الْحَدِيثُ الْأَوَّلُ : إِنَّمَا الْأَعْمَالُ بِالنِّيَّاتِ.

The first Hadith: Actions are only by intentions.

ذَلِكَ مَا هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِ وَلَمْ يَقُلْ : إِلَى دُنْيَا يُصِيبُهَا، وَالْفَائِدَةُ الْبَلَاغِيَّةُ فِي هِيَ : تَحْقِيرُ مَا هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِ هَذَا الرَّجُلُ أَيْ لَيْسَ أَهْلًا لِأَنْ يُذْكَرَ، بَلْ يُكَنَّى عَنْهُ بِقَوْلِهِ : إِلَى مَا هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِ.

That is what he migrated to, and he did not say: 'to a worldly gain he attains.' The rhetorical benefit in this is the belittling of what this man migrated to, meaning it is not worthy of being mentioned; rather, it is alluded to by his saying: 'to what he migrated to.'

وَقَوْلُهُ : «مَنْ كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ» الْجَوَابُ : «فَهِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ» فَذَكَرَهُ تَنْوِيهًا بِفَضْلِهِ، «وَمَنْ كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ لِدُنْيَا يُصِيبُهَا أَوِ امْرَأَةٍ يَنْكِحُهَا فَهِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى مَا هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِ» وَلَمْ يَقُلْ : إِلَى دُنْيَا يُصِيبُهَا أَوْ امْرَأَةٍ يَنْكِحُهَا، لِأَنَّ فِيهِ تَحْقِيرًا لِشَأْنِ مَا هَاجَرَ إِلَيْهِ وَهِيَ : الدُّنْيَا أَوِ الْمَرْأَةُ.

And his saying: 'Whoever's migration is to Allah and His Messenger,' the answer is: 'then his migration is to Allah and His Messenger,' so he mentioned it to highlight its virtue. And 'Whoever's migration is for a worldly gain he attains or a woman he marries, then his migration is to what he migrated to,' and he did not say: 'to a worldly gain he attains or a woman he marries,' because that contains a belittling of the status of what he migrated to, which is: the world or the woman.

أَمَّا مِنْ جِهَةِ الْإِعْرَابِ، وَهُوَ الْبَحْثُ الثَّانِي : فَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ : «إِنَّمَا الْأَعْمَالُ بِالنِّيَّاتِ» مُبْتَدَأٌ وَخَبَرٌ، الْأَعْمَالُ : مُبْتَدَأٌ، وَالنِّيَّاتُ : خَبَرُهُ.

As for the grammatical analysis, which is the second topic: his saying (peace be upon him) 'Actions are only by intentions' is a subject and a predicate; 'actions' is the subject, and 'intentions' is its predicate.

وَ«إِنَّمَا لِكُلِّ امْرِئٍ مَا نَوَى» أَيْضًا مُبْتَدَأٌ وَخَبَرٌ، لَكِنْ قَدَّمَ الْخَبَرَ عَلَى الْمُبْتَدَإِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُبْتَدَأَ فِي قَوْلِهِ : «وَإِنَّمَا لِكُلِّ امْرِئٍ مَا نَوَى» هُوَ : «مَا نَوَى» مُتَأَخِّرٌ.

And 'And for every person is only what he intended' is also a subject and a predicate, but he placed the predicate before the subject, because the subject in his saying: 'And for every person is only what he intended' is 'what he intended,' which is delayed.

«فَمَنْ كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ فَهِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ» هَذِهِ جُمْلَةٌ شَرْطِيَّةٌ، أَدَاةُ الشَّرْطِ فِيهَا : مَنْ، وَفِعْلُ الشَّرْطِ كَانَتْ وَجَوَابُ الشَّرْطِ : فَهِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ.

'So whoever's migration is to Allah and His Messenger, then his migration is to Allah and His Messenger'—this is a conditional sentence; the conditional particle in it is 'whoever,' the conditional verb is 'was,' and the response to the condition is 'then his migration is to Allah and His Messenger.'

وَهَكَذَا نَقُولُ فِي إِعْرَابِ قَوْلِهِ : «وَمَنْ كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ لِدُنْيَا يُصِيبُهَا».

And we say the same regarding the grammatical analysis of his saying: 'And whoever's migration is for a worldly gain he attains.'

أَمَّا فِي اللُّغَةِ فَنَقُولُ : «الْأَعْمَالُ» جَمْعُ عَمَلٍ، وَيَشْمَلُ أَعْمَالَ الْقُلُوبِ وَأَعْمَالَ النُّطْقِ، وَأَعْمَالَ الْجَوَارِحِ، فَتَشْمَلُ هَذِهِ الْجُمْلَةُ الْأَعْمَالَ بِأَنْوَاعِهَا.

As for the language, we say: 'Actions' is the plural of 'action,' and it includes the actions of the hearts, the actions of speech, and the actions of the limbs, so this sentence encompasses actions of all types.

Vocabulary · المفردات (10 verbs · 31 nouns)

• هَاجَرَ — to emigrate
• قَالَ — to say
• أَصَابَ — to obtain
• ذَكَرَ — to mention
• كَنَى — to use a metonymy
• نَكَحَ — to marry
• كَانَ — to be
• نَوَى — to intend
• قَدَّمَ — to advance
• شَمِلَ — to include
• حَدِيثٌ — hadith
• عَمَلٌ — deed
• نِيَّةٌ — intention
• دُنْيَا — world
• فَائِدَةٌ — benefit
• رَجُلٌ — man
• أَهْلٌ — worthy
• رَسُولٌ — messenger
• جَوَابٌ — answer
• تَنْوِيهٌ — mentioning with praise
• فَضْلٌ — virtue
• امْرَأَةٌ — woman
• شَأْنٌ — matter
• جِهَةٌ — side
• إِعْرَابٌ — grammatical analysis
• بَحْثٌ — research
• مُبْتَدَأٌ — subject
• خَبَرٌ — predicate
• امْرُؤٌ — person
• مُتَأَخِّرٌ — delayed
• جُمْلَةٌ — sentence
• شَرْطِيَّةٌ — conditional
• أَدَاةٌ — tool
• شَرْطٌ — condition
• فِعْلٌ — verb
• لُغَةٌ — language
• جَمْعٌ — plural
• قَلْبٌ — heart
• نُطْقٌ — speech
• جَارِحَةٌ — limb
• نَوْعٌ — type