Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani by al-Taftazani, Vol. 1 (مختصر المعاني) — Page 17

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

كَلِمَةُ الِافْتِتَاحِ.

The opening word.

وَلُصُوقُ الِاسْمِ إِقَامَةُ اللَّازِمِ مَقَامَ الْمَلْزُومِ وَإِبْقَاءٌ لِأَثَرِهِ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ.

The attachment of the noun is the substitution of the necessary for the necessitated, while retaining its effect in the sentence.

وَجْهُ تَرْجِيحِ الْفَنِّ الثَّالِثِ هُوَ الْمُبْتَدَأُ وَالشَّرْطُ.

The reason for preferring the third art is the subject and the condition.

وَجْهُ تَرْجِيحِ الْفَنِّ الثَّالِثِ فَلَمَّا هُوَ ظَرْفٌ بِمَعْنَى "إِذْ" يُسْتَعْمَلُ اسْتِعْمَالُ الشَّرْطِ يَلِيهِ فِعْلٌ مَاضٍ لَفْظًا وَمَعْنًى، كَانَ عِلْمُ الْبَلَاغَةِ هُوَ الْمَعَانِي وَالْبَيَانُ وَعِلْمُ تَوَابِعِهَا هُوَ الْبَدِيعُ مِنْ أَجَلِّ الْعُلُومِ قَدْرًا وَأَدَقُّهَا سِرًّا؛ إِذْ بِهِ أَيْ بِعِلْمِ الْبَلَاغَةِ وَتَوَابِعِهَا لَا بِغَيْرِهِ.

The reason for preferring the third art is that 'lamma' is an adverb in the sense of 'idh' (when/since), used in the manner of a condition, followed by a verb that is past in both wording and meaning; thus, the science of rhetoric—which is 'ma'ani' (meanings) and 'bayan' (eloquence)—and the science of its corollaries, which is 'badi'' (rhetorical devices), are among the most exalted of sciences in status and the most subtle in secret; for it is through it—that is, through the science of rhetoric and its corollaries—and not through anything else.

تَبْعِيضِيَّةٌ أَيْ رُتْبَةٌ وَمَنْزِلَةٌ.

It is partitive, meaning a rank and a station.

وَلُصُوقُ لَمَّا كَانَ اللَّازِمُ لِلْمُبْتَدَأِ نَفْسَ كَوْنِهِ اسْمًا كَانَ الْمُنَاسِبُ أَنْ يَكُونَ اللَّازِمُ لِنَائِبِهِ أَيْضًا كَذَلِكَ، وَلَمَّا لَمْ يُمْكِنْ لِتَعَيُّنِ حَرْفِيَّةِ "أَمَّا" جُعِلَ لُصُوقُ الِاسْمِ أَيْ وُقُوعُ الِاسْمِ بَعْدَهَا بِلَا فَصْلٍ بَدَلًا عَنْهُ؛ إِذْ مَا لَا يُدْرَكُ كُلُّهُ لَا يُتْرَكُ كُلُّهُ.

And since the necessary requirement for the subject is its very nature as a noun, it was appropriate that the requirement for its substitute also be the same; and since that was not possible due to the definitive particle nature of 'amma', the attachment of the noun—that is, the occurrence of the noun after it without separation—was made as a substitute for it; for what cannot be attained in its entirety should not be abandoned in its entirety.

الِاسْمُ: وَاعْتُرِضَ عَلَى لُزُومِ لُصُوقِ الِاسْمِ بِقَوْلِهِ: ﴿فَأَمَّا إِنْ كَانَ مِنَ الْمُقَرَّبِينَ﴾، وَأَجَابَ فِي "الْكَشَّافِ": بِأَنَّ التَّقْدِيرَ: فَأَمَّا الْمُتَوَفَّى إِنْ كَانَ مِنَ الْمُقَرَّبِينَ، فَالِاسْمُ مُلَاصِقٌ تَقْدِيرًا فِي الْجُمْلَةِ رَاجِعٌ إِلَى كُلٍّ مِنَ الْإِقَامَةِ وَالْإِبْقَاءِ أَيْ لَزِمَتِ الْفَاءُ وَلُصُوقُ الِاسْمِ إِقَامَةُ اللَّازِمِ مَقَامَ الْمَلْزُومِ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ وَإِبْقَاءٌ لِأَثَرِهِ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ وَبَيَانُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْفَاءَ وَإِنْ قَامَتْ مَقَامَ الشَّرْطِ، وَهُوَ مَا قَبْلَ الْجَزَاءِ إِلَّا أَنَّهَا لَيْسَتْ فِي مَقَامِهِ حَقِيقَةً؛ لِأَنَّ مَقَامَهُ حَقِيقَةً مَا قَبْلَ الظَّرْفِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مَعْمُولُهُ وَهُوَ الْمَحَلُّ الَّذِي فِيهِ "أَمَّا"، وَكَذَا لُصُوقُ الِاسْمِ لَمْ يَقُمْ فِي مَقَامِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ؛ لِأَنَّ مَقَامَهُ حَقِيقَةً هُوَ مَوْضِعُ "أَمَّا" لِأَنَّهَا نَابَتْ عَنْهُ وَوَقَعَتْ فِي مَوْضِعِهِ لَكِنْ لَمَّا كَانَتِ الْفَاءُ قَرِيبَةً مِنْ "أَمَّا" فَكَأَنَّهَا حَلَّتْ فِي مَوْضِعِهِ مَلْزُومَهَا، فَهِيَ حَالَّةٌ مَحَلَّهُ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ لَا فِي التَّحْقِيقِ وَكَذَا لَمَّا كَانَ الِاسْمُ مُلَاصِقًا لِـ "أَمَّا" فَكَأَنَّ الِاسْمِيَّةَ حَلَّتْ مَحَلَّ مَلْزُومِهَا، فَهِيَ حَالَّةٌ مَحَلَّهُ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ لَا فِي التَّحْقِيقِ.

The noun: An objection was raised against the necessity of the noun's attachment by citing the verse: 'As for him, if he is of those brought near,' and it was answered in 'Al-Kashshaf' that the implied meaning is: 'As for the deceased, if he is of those brought near.' Thus, the noun is attached by implication in the sentence, referring to both the substitution and the retention; that is, the 'fa' and the attachment of the noun necessitated the substitution of the necessary for the necessitated in the sentence and the retention of its effect in the sentence. The explanation for this is that although the 'fa' stands in the place of the condition—which is what precedes the consequence—it is not in its place in reality; for its place in reality is what precedes the adverb, because it is its object and it is the location where 'amma' is. Likewise, the attachment of the noun did not stand in the place of the subject, because its place in reality is the position of 'amma', since it replaced it and occurred in its position. However, since the 'fa' was close to 'amma', it is as if it occupied the position of its necessitated counterpart; thus, it is occupying its place in the sentence, not in reality. Similarly, since the noun was attached to 'amma', it is as if the noun-nature occupied the place of its necessitated counterpart; thus, it is occupying its place in the sentence, not in reality.

هُوَ ظَرْفٌ أَيْ فِيمَا وَقَعَ بَعْدَهُ جُمْلَتَانِ؛ فَإِنَّهُ يَجِيءُ بِمَعْنَى "لَمْ" نَحْوَ: نَدِمَ زَيْدٌ وَلَمَّا يَنْفَعْهُ النَّدَمُ، وَبِمَعْنَى "إِلَّا" نَحْوَ: ﴿وَإِنْ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ لَمَّا عَلَيْهَا حَافِظٌ﴾.

It is an adverb, meaning in what has two sentences occurring after it; for it comes in the sense of 'lam' (did not), such as: 'Zayd regretted, and regret did not benefit him,' and in the sense of 'illa' (except), such as: 'And there is no soul but that it has a protector over it.'

بِمَعْنَى إِذْ هَذَا أَحْسَنُ مِنْ قَوْلِ الشَّارِحِ فِي "الْمُطَوَّلِ": إِنَّهَا بِمَعْنَى "إِذَا"؛ لِأَنَّ "لَمَّا" ظَرْفٌ لِمَا مَضَى مِنَ الزَّمَانِ، وَ"إِذْ" كَذَلِكَ بِخِلَافِ "إِذَا" فَإِنَّهَا لِلْمُسْتَقْبَلِ، فَالْمُلَائَمَةُ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ "إِذْ" أَقْوَى وَأَحْسَنُ.

In the sense of 'idh' (when/since), this is better than the commentator's statement in 'Al-Mutawwal' that it is in the sense of 'idha' (when); because 'lamma' is an adverb for past time, and 'idh' is likewise, unlike 'idha', for it is for the future; therefore, the compatibility between it and 'idh' is stronger and better.

وَعِلْمٌ أَشَارَ بِتَقْدِيرِ الْمُضَافِ إِلَى أَنَّ "تَوَابِعَهَا" بِالْجَرِّ عَطْفٌ عَلَى الْبَلَاغَةِ، وَأَنَّ الْمُضَافَ الَّذِي هُوَ "عِلْمٌ" مُسَلَّطٌ عَلَيْهَا.

And 'science': He indicated by implying the genitive construction that 'its corollaries' in the genitive case is a conjunction to 'rhetoric', and that the genitive noun, which is 'science', is applied to it.

مِنْ أَجَلِّ الْعُلُومِ مِنْ إِضَافَةِ الصِّفَةِ إِلَى الْمَوْصُوفِ، وَ"قَدْرًا وَسِرًّا" تَمْيِيزٌ مُحَوَّلٌ عَنِ الْفَاعِلِ أَيْ مِنْ عُلُومٍ أَجَلَّ قَدْرُهَا وَأَدَقَّ سِرُّهَا، وَلَا يَلْزَمُ مِنْهُ إِعْمَالُ أَفْعَالِ التَّفْضِيلِ فِي الظَّاهِرِ؛ فَإِنَّ التَّقْدِيرَ مُجَرَّدُ اعْتِبَارِ إِظْهَارِ الْمَعْنَى لَا أَنَّهُ مُسْتَعْمَلٌ كَذَلِكَ.

From the most exalted of sciences: This is from the addition of the adjective to the described noun, and 'in status and secret' is a specifier (tamyeez) transformed from the subject, meaning from sciences whose status is more exalted and whose secret is more subtle. It does not necessitate the operation of superlative verbs on the apparent form; for the implication is merely a consideration of expressing the meaning, not that it is used as such.

بِعِلْمِ الْبَلَاغَةِ هَذَا الدَّلِيلُ عَلَى غَيْرِ تَرْتِيبِ اللَّفِّ.

By the science of rhetoric: This is the evidence for the non-sequential order of the wording.

لَا بِغَيْرِهِ لَا يُقَالُ: أَيُّ فَائِدَةٍ لِعِلْمِ الْمَعَانِي؛ فَإِنَّ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ وَالْمُرَكَّبَاتِ عُلِمَتْ بِالْعُلُومِ الثَّلَاثَةِ اللُّغَةِ وَالصَّرْفِ وَالنَّحْوِ؛ لِأَنَّا نَقُولُ كَلَّا إِنَّ غَايَةَ النَّحْوِيِّ أَنْ يُنَزِّلَ مِنَ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ عَلَى مَا وُضِعَتْ وَيُرَكِّبَهَا عَلَيْهَا، وَوَرَاءَ ذَلِكَ مَقَاصِدُ لَا تَتَعَلَّقُ بِالْوَضْعِ، مَهْمَا يَتَفَاوَتُ بِهِ أَغْرَاضُ التَّكَلُّمِ.

Not through anything else: It should not be said, 'What is the benefit of the science of meanings? For the singulars and compounds are known through the three sciences: language, morphology, and syntax.' For we say: No, the goal of the grammarian is to apply the singulars to what they were coined for and to compose them accordingly, and beyond that are purposes that do not relate to the coinage, however much the purposes of speech may vary thereby.

Vocabulary · المفردات (26 verbs · 105 nouns)

• اسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• وَلِيَ — to follow
• كَانَ — to be
• أَدْرَكَ — to perceive
• تَرَكَ — to leave
• اعْتَرَضَ — to object
• لَزِمَ — to be necessary
• أَجَابَ — to answer
• رَجَعَ — to return
• قَامَ — to stand
• عَمِلَ — to work
• نَابَ — to substitute
• وَقَعَ — to fall
• حَلَّ — to settle
• جَاءَ — to come
• نَدِمَ — to regret
• نَفَعَ — to benefit
• مَضَى — to pass
• أَشَارَ — to point
• سَلَّطَ — to dominate
• حَوَّلَ — to transform
• عَلِمَ — to know
• وَضَعَ — to place
• رَكَّبَ — to compose
• تَعَلَّقَ — to relate
• تَفَاوَتَ — to vary
• كَلِمَة — word
• افْتِتَاح — opening
• لُصُوق — adhesion
• اسْم — noun
• إِقَامَة — establishment
• لَازِم — necessary
• مَقَام — position
• مَلْزُوم — necessitated
• إِبْقَاء — retention
• أَثَر — effect
• جُمْلَة — sentence
• وَجْه — aspect
• تَرْجِيح — preference
• فَنّ — art
• ثَالِث — third
• مُبْتَدَأ — subject
• شَرْط — condition
• ظَرْف — adverb
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• فِعْل — verb
• مَاضٍ — past
• لَفْظ — wording
• عِلْم — science
• بَلَاغَة — rhetoric
• مَعَانِي — meanings
• بَيَان — clarification
• تَابِع — follower
• بَدِيع — innovation
• أَجَلّ — most glorious
• قَدْر — value
• أَدَقّ — most precise
• سِرّ — secret
• تَبْعِيضِيَّة — partitive
• رُتْبَة — rank
• مَنْزِلَة — status
• نَفْس — self
• كَوْن — being
• مُنَاسِب — appropriate
• نَائِب — deputy
• تَعَيُّن — determination
• حَرْفِيَّة — particle-nature
• وُقُوع — occurrence
• بَعْد — after
• فَصْل — separation
• بَدَل — substitute
• إِدْرَاك — perception
• كُلّ — all
• تَرْك — abandonment
• اعْتِرَاض — objection
• لُزُوم — necessity
• قَوْل — saying
• مُقَرَّب — near one
• إِجَابَة — answer
• تَقْدِير — estimation
• مُتَوَفَّى — deceased
• مُلَاصِق — adjacent
• رَاجِع — referring
• فَاء — fa-particle
• جَزَاء — reward
• حَقِيقَة — reality
• مَعْمُول — governed
• مَحَلّ — place
• مَوْضِع — location
• نِيَابَة — substitution
• قَرِيب — near
• تَحْقِيق — verification
• اسْمِيَّة — nominality
• نَدَم — regret
• حَافِظ — guardian
• شَارِح — commentator
• مُطَوَّل — long work
• زَمَان — time
• مُسْتَقْبَل — future
• مُلَائَمَة — suitability
• أَقْوَى — stronger
• مُضَاف — genitive
• جَرّ — genitive case
• عَطْف — conjunction
• مُسَلَّط — governing
• صِفَة — adjective
• مَوْصُوف — described
• تَمْيِيز — specification
• مُحَوَّل — transformed
• فَاعِل — doer
• إِعْمَال — application
• تَفْضِيل — preference
• ظَاهِر — apparent
• مُجَرَّد — mere
• اعْتِبَار — consideration
• إِظْهَار — showing
• دَلِيل — evidence
• تَرْتِيب — arrangement
• لَفّ — wrapping
• فَائِدَة — benefit
• مُفْرَد — singular
• مُرَكَّب — compound
• لُغَة — language
• صَرْف — morphology
• نَحْو — grammar
• غَايَة — goal
• نَحْوِيّ — grammarian
• مَقْصِد — purpose
• وَضْع — setting
• غَرَض — purpose
• تَكَلُّم — speaking