Kuwaiti Arabic Curriculum — Grade 7, Term 1 (لغتي العربية) — Page 89

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

بَيْنَمَا فِي الْمَجْمُوعَةِ (ب) نَجِدُ أَنَّ الْخَبَرَ وَاجِبُ التَّقَدُّمِ، وَبِالتَّالِي فَالْمُبْتَدَأُ وَاجِبُ التَّأَخُّرِ عَنِ الْخَبَرِ، فَفِي الْمِثَالِ الْأَوَّلِ مِنَ الْمَجْمُوعَةِ (ب) تَقَدَّمَ الْخَبَرُ عَلَى الْمُبْتَدَأِ وُجُوبًا؛ وَذَلِكَ لِأَنَّ الْخَبَرَ شِبْهُ جُمْلَةٍ (فِي الْمَدِينَةِ) مُكَوَّنٌ مِنْ جَارٍ وَمَجْرُورٍ، وَالْمُبْتَدَأُ (احْتِفَالٌ) نَكِرَةٌ، هَذِهِ الْحَالَةُ الْأُولَى فَإِذَا كَانَ الْخَبَرُ شِبْهُ جُمْلَةٍ وَالْمُبْتَدَأُ نَكِرَةٌ وَجَبَ تَقَدُّمُ الْخَبَرِ عَلَى الْمُبْتَدَأِ، كَمَا هُوَ فِي الْمِثَالِ الْمَذْكُورِ، بَيْنَمَا فِي الْمِثَالِ الثَّانِي جَاءَ الْخَبَرُ اسْمَ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ (مَتَى)، وَلِأَسْمَاءِ الِاسْتِفْهَامِ الصَّدَارَةُ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ، فَهُنَا وَجَبَ تَقَدُّمُ الْخَبَرِ وَبِالتَّالِي وَجَبَ أَنْ يَتَأَخَّرَ الْمُبْتَدَأُ عَنِ الْخَبَرِ وَهَذِهِ الْحَالَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ، وَهُنَاكَ حَالَاتٌ أُخْرَى فِي الدَّرْسِ الْقَادِمِ.

While in group (B) we find that the predicate must precede, and consequently the subject must follow the predicate; in the first example of group (B), the predicate preceded the subject obligatorily, and that is because the predicate is a quasi-sentence (in the city) composed of a preposition and a noun in the genitive case, and the subject (a celebration) is indefinite; this is the first case, so if the predicate is a quasi-sentence and the subject is indefinite, the predicate must precede the subject, as it is in the mentioned example, while in the second example the predicate came as the interrogative noun (when), and interrogative nouns have the position of precedence in the sentence, so here the predicate had to precede, and consequently the subject had to follow the predicate, and this is the second case, and there are other cases in the next lesson.

وَإِذَا تَأَمَّلْنَا فِي الْمَجْمُوعَةِ (ج) لَرَأَيْنَا فِي الْمِثَالِ الْأَوَّلِ أَنَّ الْمُبْتَدَأَ مَعْرِفَةٌ وَالْخَبَرَ نَكِرَةٌ، فَهُنَا جَازَ التَّقْدِيمُ وَالتَّأْخِيرُ بَيْنَهُمَا عَلَى حَدٍّ سَوَاءٍ، وَكَذَلِكَ فِي الْمِثَالِ الثَّانِي مِنَ الْمَجْمُوعَةِ نَفْسِهَا فَإِنَّ الْخَبَرَ شِبْهُ جُمْلَةٍ مُكَوَّنٌ مِنْ حَرْفِ جَرٍّ وَاسْمٍ مَجْرُورٍ (فِي الْكَسَلِ) وَالْمُبْتَدَأُ مَعْرِفَةٌ (الْحِرْمَانُ) فَيَجُوزُ التَّقْدِيمُ وَالتَّأْخِيرُ بَيْنَهُمَا عَلَى حَدٍّ سَوَاءٍ.

If we contemplate group (C), we would see in the first example that the subject is definite and the predicate is indefinite, so here precedence and postponement between them are permitted equally, and likewise in the second example of the same group, the predicate is a quasi-sentence composed of a preposition and a noun in the genitive case (in laziness) and the subject is definite (deprivation), so precedence and postponement between them are permitted equally.

الِاسْتِنْتَاجُ: الْأَصْلُ فِي الْمُبْتَدَأِ أَنْ يَتَقَدَّمَ عَلَى الْخَبَرِ، وَأَنْ يَتَأَخَّرَ الْخَبَرُ عَنِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ، وَلَكِنْ قَدْ يَتَقَدَّمُ الْخَبَرُ عَلَى الْمُبْتَدَأِ خِلَافًا لِلْأَصْلِ، وَيَحْصُلُ ذَلِكَ فِي حَالَاتٍ أَبْرَزُهَا:

Conclusion: The basic rule for the subject is that it should precede the predicate, and that the predicate should follow the subject, but the predicate may precede the subject contrary to the basic rule, and this occurs in cases, the most prominent of which are:

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Vocabulary · المفردات (14 verbs · 39 nouns)

• وَجَدَ — to find
• تَقَدَّمَ — to precede
• تَأَخَّرَ — to follow
• مَجْمُوعَة — group
• خَبَر — predicate
• تَقَدُّم — advancement