Jawahir al-Balagha by Ahmad al-Hashimi (جواهر البلاغة) — Page 13

Arabic text · النص

Line-by-line translation · المعاني

مُقَدِّمَةٌ فِي مَعْرِفَةِ الْفَصَاحَةِ وَالْبَلَاغَةِ

An Introduction to the Knowledge of Eloquence and Rhetoric.

فَلِهَذَا يَحْتَارُ السَّامِعُ فِي فَهْمِ الْمَعْنَى الْمَقْصُودِ لِتَرَدُّدِ الْكَلِمَةِ بَيْنَ مَعْنَيَيْنِ بِدُونِ «قَرِينَةٍ» تُعَيِّنُ الْمَقْصُودَ مِنْهُمَا

For this reason, the listener is confused in understanding the intended meaning because the word oscillates between two meanings without a 'contextual clue' to specify which of the two is intended.

فَلِأَجْلِ هَذَا التَّرَدُّدِ، وَلِأَجْلِ أَنَّ مَادَّةَ فَعَلَ تَدُلُّ عَلَى مُجَرَّدِ نِسْبَةِ شَيْءٍ لِشَيْءٍ لَا عَلَى النِّسْبَةِ التَّشْبِيهِيَّةِ كَانَتِ الْكَلِمَةُ غَيْرَ ظَاهِرَةِ الدَّلَالَةِ فَصَارَتْ غَرِيبَةً

Because of this oscillation, and because the root 'fa'ala' indicates merely the attribution of one thing to another, not a metaphorical attribution, the word's indication was not clear, and thus it became strange.

وَأَمَّا مَعَ الْقَرِينَةِ فَلَا غَرَابَةَ كَلَفْظَةِ «عَزَّرَ» فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ﴿فَالَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا بِهِ وَعَزَّرُوهُ وَنَصَرُوهُ﴾ (١) فَإِنَّهَا مُشْتَرَكَةٌ بَيْنَ التَّعْظِيمِ وَالْإِهَانَةِ - وَلَكِنْ ذِكْرُ النَّصْرِ قَرِينَةٌ عَلَى إِرَادَةِ التَّعْظِيمِ

As for when there is a contextual clue, there is no strangeness, such as the word 'azzaru' in the Almighty's saying: 'So those who believed in him, honored him, and supported him' (1), for it is shared between honoring and insulting, but the mention of support is a clue that honoring is intended.

الْقِسْمُ الثَّانِي : مَا يُعَابُ اسْتِعْمَالُهُ لِاحْتِيَاجٍ إِلَى تَتَبُّعِ اللُّغَاتِ وَكَثْرَةِ الْبَحْثِ وَالتَّفْتِيشِ فِي الْمَعَاجِمِ قَوَامِيسِ مَتْنِ اللُّغَةِ الْمُطَوَّلَةِ

The Second Category: That which is considered faulty to use because it requires tracing languages and extensive research and investigation in the lexicons, the lengthy dictionaries of the language's corpus.

«أ» فَمِنْهُ مَا يُعْثَرُ فِيهَا عَلَى تَفْسِيرٍ بَعْدَ كَدٍّ وَبَحْثٍ نَحْوَ تَكَاكَاتُمْ (بِمَعْنَى اجْتَمَعْتُمْ» مِنْ قَوْلِ عِيسَى بْنِ عَمْرٍو النَّحْوِيِّ : مَا لَكُمْ تَكَاكَاتُمْ (٢) عَلَيَّ كَتَكَاكُيْكُمْ عَلَى ذِي جِنَّةٍ(٣) افْرَنْقِعُوا عَنِّي) افْرَنْقِعُوا عَنِّي(٤) وَنَحْوُ مُشَمَخِرٌّ فِي قَوْلِ بِشْرِ بْنِ عَوَانَةَ يَصِفُ الْأَسَدَ: [ الْوَافِرُ ] فَخَرَّ مُدَرَّجًا بِدَمٍ كَأَنِّي هَدَمْتُ بِهِ بِنَاءً مُشْمَخِرًّا

A: Among them is that for which an explanation is found after toil and research, such as 'takakatum' (meaning 'you gathered') from the saying of Isa ibn Amr al-Nahwi: 'Why have you gathered around me like your gathering around a madman? Disperse from me! Disperse from me!' And such as 'mushamakhir' in the saying of Bishr ibn Awana describing a lion: [Al-Wafir] 'He fell covered in blood, as if I had demolished with him a towering building.'

(ب) وَمِنْهُ مَا لَمْ يُعْثَرُ عَلَى تَفْسِيرِهِ نَحْوَ (جَحْلَنْجَع) مِنْ قَوْلِ أَبِي الْهَمَيْسَعِ : [الرَّجَزُ] مِنْ طَمْحَةٍ صَبِيرُهَا جَحْلَنْجَعُ (٥) لَمْ يَحْضُهَـا الْجَدْوَلُ بِالتَّنَوُّعِ

B: Among them is that for which no explanation is found, such as 'jahlanja'' from the saying of Abu al-Humaysa': [Al-Rajaz] 'From a high place whose cloud is jahlanja', the stream did not encompass it with variety.'

الثَّالِثُ : ((مُخَالَفَةُ الْقِيَاسِ) كَوْنُ الْكَلِمَةِ غَيْرَ جَارِيَةٍ عَلَى الْقَانُونِ الصَّرْفِيِّ الْمُسْتَنْبَطِ مِنْ كَلَامِ الْعَرَبِ ؛ بِأَنْ تَكُونَ عَلَى خِلَافِ مَا ثَبَتَ فِيهَا عَنِ الْوَاضِعِ) مِثْلُ (الْأَخْلَلِ) فِي قَوْلِ

The Third: (Violation of Analogy) is the word not being in accordance with the morphological rule derived from the speech of the Arabs; by being contrary to what was established regarding it from the originator, such as 'al-akhlal' in the saying of...

سُورَةُ الْأَعْرَافِ : الْآيَةُ

(1) Surah Al-A'raf: Verse 157.

(٣) جُنُونٌ .

(3) Madness.

(٢) اجْتَمَعْتُمْ.

(2) You gathered.

انْصَرِفُوا وَقَالَ ذَلِكَ حِينَ سَقَطَ عَنْ دَابَّتِهِ فَاجْتَمَعَ النَّاسُ حَوْلَهُ

(4) Disperse. He said that when he fell from his mount and the people gathered around him.

الطَّمْحَةُ النَّظْرَةُ وَالصَّبِيرُ السَّحَابُ الْمُتَرَاكِمُ - وَقَبْلَهُ : [الرَّجَزُ] إِنْ تَمْنَعِي صَوْبَكِ صَوْبَ الْمَدْمَعِ يَجْرِي عَلَى الْخَدِّ كَضِئْبِ الثَّعْثَعِ الضِّئْبُ الْحَبُّ وَالثَّعْثَعُ اللُّؤْلُؤُ - قَالَ صَاحِبُ الْقَامُوسِ ذَكَرُوا جَحْلَنْجَعَ وَلَمْ يُفَسِّرُوهُ وَقَالُوا كَانَ أَبُو الْهَمَيْسَعِ مِنْ أَعْرَابِ مَدْيَنَ وَكُنَّا لَا نَكَادُ نَفْهَمُ كَلَامَهُ اهـ.

(5) 'Al-tamha' is a glance, and 'al-sabir' is the accumulated cloud. Before it: [Al-Rajaz] 'If you withhold your rain, the rain of the tear duct flows on the cheek like the pearls of the necklace.' 'Al-dhi'b' is the bead, and 'al-tha'tha'' is the pearl. The author of Al-Qamus said: They mentioned 'jahlanja'' but did not explain it, and they said Abu al-Humaysa' was from the Bedouins of Madyan, and we could hardly understand his speech. End quote.

اعْلَمْ أَنَّ مَا ثَبَتَ عَنِ الْوَاضِعِ مُوَافِقًا أَوْ مُخَالِفًا لِلْقِيَاسِ فَصِيحٌ فَمِثْلُ آلٍ وَمَاءٍ) أَصْلُهُمَا أَهْلٌ وَمَوْهٌ أُبْدِلَتِ الْهَاءُ فِيهِمَا هَمْزَةً وَإِبْدَالُ الْهَمْزَةِ مِنَ الْهَاءِ وَإِنْ كَانَ عَلَى خِلَافِ الْقِيَاسِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ ثَبَتَ عَنْ

(6) Know that what is established from the originator, whether in accordance with or contrary to analogy, is eloquent. For example, 'al' (family) and 'ma'' (water); their origins are 'ahl' and 'mawh'. The 'ha' in both was replaced by a hamza, and the replacement of the hamza for the 'ha', even if it is contrary to analogy, is established from...

Vocabulary · المفردات (22 verbs · 67 nouns)

• حَارَ — to be confused
• عَيَّنَ — to specify
• دَلَّ — to indicate
• صَارَ — to become
• عَزَّرَ — to honor
• آمَنَ — to believe
• نَصَرَ — to support
• عَابَ — to find fault
• اسْتَعْمَلَ — to use
• عَثَرَ — to find
• اجْتَمَعَ — to gather
• وَصَفَ — to describe
• خَرَّ — to fall
• هَدَمَ — to demolish
• حَضَّ — to urge
• جَرَى — to flow
• اسْتَنْبَطَ — to derive
• ثَبَتَ — to be established
• عَلِمَ — to know
• وَافَقَ — to agree
• خَالَفَ — to oppose
• أَبْدَلَ — to replace
• مُقَدِّمَة — introduction
• مَعْرِفَة — knowledge
• فَصَاحَة — eloquence
• بَلَاغَة — rhetoric
• سَامِع — listener
• فَهْم — understanding
• مَعْنَى — meaning
• مَقْصُود — intended
• تَرَدُّد — hesitation
• كَلِمَة — word
• قَرِينَة — clue
• مَادَّة — material
• فِعْل — verb
• نِسْبَة — relation
• شَيْء — thing
• تَشْبِيهِيَّة — analogical
• دَلَالَة — indication
• غَرِيبَة — strange
• غَرَابَة — strangeness
• لَفْظَة — term
• تَعْظِيم — veneration
• إِهَانَة — insult
• ذِكْر — mention
• نَصْر — support
• إِرَادَة — will
• قِسْم — section
• ثَانِي — second
• اسْتِعْمَال — usage
• احْتِيَاج — need
• تَتَبُع — tracking
• لُغَة — language
• كَثْرَة — abundance
• بَحْث — research
• تَفْتِيش — inspection
• مُعْجَم — lexicon
• قَامُوس — dictionary
• مَتْن — text
• مُطَوَّلَة — extended
• تَفْسِير — interpretation
• كَدّ — toil
• جِنَّة — madness
• أَسَد — lion
• دَم — blood
• بِنَاء — structure
• مُشَمَخِرّ — lofty
• طَمْحَة — glance
• صَبِير — cloud
• جَدْوَل — stream
• تَنَوُّع — variety
• ثَالِث — third
• مُخَالَفَة — violation
• قِيَاس — analogy
• قَانُون — law
• صَرْفِيّ — morphological
• مُسْتَنْبَط — derived
• كَلَام — speech
• عَرَب — Arabs
• خِلَاف — disagreement
• وَاضِع — originator
• أَخْلَل — flaw
• آل — family
• مَاء — water
• أَصْل — origin
• أَهْل — people
• مَوْه — water
• هَمْزَة — hamza
• إِبْدَال — substitution